Wednesday, July 10, 2013

Unix/Linux Fundamentals


telnet in Unix
For connecting to a remote Unix machine and work on that machine remotely. Telnet is a utility that allows a computer user at one site to make a connection, login and then conduct work on a computer at another site. Once you are  login using telnet, you can perform all the activities on your remotely connect machine.

Finger Command(finger)
The finger command displays information about users on a given host. The host can be either local or remote. Finger may be disabled on other systems for security reasons. Following are the simple syntax to use finger command-
[root@localhost ~]# finger
Login     Name       Tty      Idle  Login Time   Office     Office Phone
oracle              *:0             Jul  7 00:50
oracle               pts/1       7  Jul  8 17:07 (:0.0)
oracle               pts/2          Jul  9 19:07 (:0.0)

[root@localhost ~]# finger oracle
Login: oracle                           Name: (null)
Directory: /home/oracle                 Shell: /bin/bash
On since Sun Jul  7 00:50 (IST) on :0 (messages off)
On since Mon Jul  8 17:07 (IST) on pts/1 from :0.0
   10 minutes 53 seconds idle
On since Tue Jul  9 19:07 (IST) on pts/2 from :0.0
Last login Tue Jul  9 19:09 (IST) on pts/3 from 192.168.0.1
No mail.
No Plan.

Unix Editors(vi, vim)
There are many ways to edit files in Unix and for me one of the best ways is using screen-oriented text editor vi. This editor enable you to edit lines in context with other lines in the file. Now a days you would find an improved version of vi editor which is called  VIM (Vi Improved).
You can use  vi  editor to edit an  existing file or to create a new file from scratch. You can also use this editor to just read a text file.

Operation Modes
While working with vi editor you would come across following two modes:
# Command mode:  This mode enables you to perform administrative tasks such as saving files, executing commands, moving the cursor, cutting (yanking) and pasting lines or words, and finding and replacing. In this mode, whatever you type is interpreted as a command.
# Insert  mode:  This mode enables you to insert text into the file. Everything that's typed in this mode is interpreted as input and finally it is put in the file.

The vi always starts in command mode. To enter text, you must be in insert mode. To come in insert mode you simply press i. To get out of insert mode, press the  Esc key, which will put you back into command mode.

Quit and Save vi Editor
The command to quit out of vi is :q. Once in command mode, type colon, and 'q', followed by return. If your file has been modified in any way, the editor will warn you of this, and not let you quit. To ignore this message, the command to quit out of vi without saving is  :q!. This lets you exit vi without saving any of the changes.

The command to save the contents of the editor is  :w. You can combine the above command
with the quit command, or :wq and return.

You can specify a different file name to save to by specifying the name after the :w. For example, if you wanted to save the file you were working as another filename called filename2, you would type :w filename and return.

The vi is case-sensitive, so you need to pay special attention to capitalization when using commands.

Replacing Text
The substitution command (:s/) enables you to quickly replace words or groups of words within
your files. Here is the simple syntax-
:s/search/replace/g

The g stands for globally. The result of this command is that all occurrences on the cursor's line are changed.

Running Commands
The vi has the capability to run commands from within the editor. To run a command, you only need to go into command mode and type :! command.

For example, if you want to check whether a file exists before you try to save your file to that filename, you can type :! ls and you will see the output of ls on the screen.





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